The experiments conducted on two racing games show that (1) PingUMiL outperforms classical machine learning methods and (2) representation learning can be used to detect long-range cause-and-effect relationships in only partially observed game data provenance graphs.
We evaluate the generalization capacity of PingUMiL when learning from similar games and compare its performance to classical machine learning methods. The embeddings learned from the data pose as the features of a machine learning task tailored towards detecting long-range cause-and-effect relationships. In this paper, we contribute with a framework named PingUMiL that leverages the recently proposed graph embeddings to represent game provenance graphs in a latent space. However, since game provenance data capture is guided by a set of strict predefined rules established by the game developers, the detection of long-range cause-and-effect relationships may demand huge coding efforts. Thus, game provenance graph tools have been proposed to capture cause-and-effect relationships occurring in a gameplay session to assist the game design process. To succeed in Game Analytics, it is essential to identify what is happening in a game (an effect) and track its causes. Game Analytics comprises a set of techniques to analyze both the game quality and player behavior. The literature and survey-based findings in this paper may be of benefit to game design scholars and designers who are intent on critically analysing the use of participatory design in the game design process.
This paper is concluded with a critical overview of the role of participatory design in game design and potential uses for games for learning. Several of the respondents admitted that they have considered player participation during other stages of game development. The survey results show that playtesting is the most common technique that they utilise in order to improve player experience. This paper also contains the findings of a survey among game designers in Brazil (N=29) concerning their use of participatory design techniques during the design process in their studios. This paper reviews the current body of literature on participatory design (PD) for game design, including participatory design elements, participatory design in education, and the current challenges that game designers and developers encountered.
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